Publication Ethics

This publication ethics statement draws up moral limitations and responsibilities for research journals. The text is adapted from the "Standard Ethics" approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, and the publication principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

P&R Publication (International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science) is committed to ensuring ethics in publication and quality of articles. Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is expected of all parties: authors, editors, reviewers and the publisher.

Authors, reviewers, editorial boards and editors-in-chief should know and commit to the principles of research ethics and related responsibilities. Article submission, review, and the editor-in-chief's acceptance or rejection are considered compliance with journal policy; otherwise the journal reserves all rights.

Authors

Authors should clearly present an objective discussion of the significance of their research, with precise detail and references to permit others to replicate the experiments. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate documents constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable. Review articles should be objective, comprehensive and accurate accounts of the state of the art. Authors should ensure their work is entirely original and complies with our copyright policy; if others' work or words have been used, this should be appropriately acknowledged. Plagiarism in any form is unacceptable. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently is unacceptable. The corresponding author should ensure full consensus of all co-authors in approving the final version and its submission.

More Details — Authors

• Authors should present their work in accordance with the journal's standards and title.
• Authors should ensure their work/research is original, providing accurate data and underlying references.
• Authors are responsible for the accuracy of their work.
• Duplicate submission is not accepted — no part of an article should be under review or published elsewhere.
• Overlapping publication, where an author reuses previous findings with changes, is rejected.
• Authors are asked to obtain permission for accurate citation of others' work.
• Responsibility, accountability, punctuality, interest, ethics adherence and respect for others' rights are expected.
• Authors should not rewrite or correct an article according to personal interest after review.
• Authors should ensure accurate citations, including cases not yet cited in related published research.

Editors

Editors should evaluate manuscripts exclusively on academic merit. An editor must not use unpublished information in their own research without the author's express written consent. Editors should take reasonable, responsive measures when ethical complaints are raised about a submitted manuscript or published paper.

Reviewers

Manuscripts forwarded for review must be treated as confidential documents. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviews should be conducted objectively, with observations formulated clearly and supported by argument, so authors can use them to improve the paper. A reviewer who feels unqualified, or knows prompt review is not possible, should notify the editor and excuse themselves. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts where they have a conflict of interest with the authors, companies or institutions involved.

More Details — Reviewers

• Reviewers should not use new data or content in favor of or against personal research, even for criticism.
• A reviewer may not pass an article to another person for review except with the editor-in-chief's permission; reviewer and co-reviewer identities should be recorded.
• Reviewers should not contact authors directly; any contact should go through the editorial office.
• Reviewers should report research and publication misconduct and submit related documentation to the editor-in-chief.

Editorial Board

The editorial board must maintain confidentiality for any research paper forwarded to the journal, and take care of information obtained from the peer review process.

• Journal maintenance and quality improvement are the main aims of the editorial board.
• The editorial board should introduce the journal to universities and international communities.
• The editorial board must not favor its own members' article submissions.
• The board is responsible for selecting reviewers and accepting or rejecting articles after review.
• Board members should be well-known experts with several publications, responsible and adherent to professional ethics.
• The board should maintain a database of suitable reviewers and update it regularly.
• The board should aggregate qualified, experienced and well-known reviewers.
• The board should welcome thorough, reasonable reviews and prevent superficial or one-sided reviews.
• The board should archive review documents as scientific records and keep reviewer identities confidential.
• The board must inform the corresponding author of the final review result promptly.
• The board should keep article contents confidential and not disclose information to others.
• The board should prevent conflicts of interest — personal, commercial, academic or financial — from affecting decisions.
• The editor-in-chief should seriously check any research or publication misconduct reported by reviewers.
• If misconduct occurs in a published article, the editor-in-chief should act immediately and inform indexing databases or audiences.
• In the case of confirmed misconduct, the board is responsible for issuing a corrigendum promptly.
• The board should use audience feedback to improve publication policies, structure and content quality.

Plagiarism Policy

Plagiarism — taking other people's language, thoughts, ideas or expressions as one's own original work — is considered academic dishonesty and a violation of journalistic ethics. Reusing portions of one's own published or copyrighted work in a new publication is self-plagiarism. Plagiarism may involve breach of copyright law or legal action.

All manuscripts submitted to our journal are screened by plagiarism detection software (such as CrossCheck/iThenticate) as part of our process.

To avoid plagiarism, authors confirm that:

• 1. I/We understand plagiarism is against professional ethics.
• 2. Quoted verbatim text is marked clearly with quotation marks.
• 3. Quotation sources are referenced clearly, both in the text and in the reference section.
• 4. Sources of equations, figures or tables are cited properly, with permission from the original author or copyright holder.
• 5. Self-plagiarism is avoided — portions of one's own published or copyrighted work are not copied without proper citation.
• 6. No copyrighted material is used in the manuscript without permission.
• 7. The manuscript is free from plagiarism and has not been published previously.
• 8. I/We take full responsibility for the opinions expressed in the paper and for settling any disputes arising from use of copyrighted material without proper permission.

Authors will be required to clarify a suspected plagiarism concern within one week, even after publication. Without a reasonable, timely explanation, the manuscript will be automatically rejected or removed, and further submissions from the same author may not be accepted. A separate copyright form must be submitted by every author declaring their work is original; if a paper is found suspicious even after publication, it will first be removed from our system pending further verification.

Conflict of Interest

All participants in the peer review and publication process — authors, reviewers, editorial board members and editors — must consider and disclose any conflicts of interest relevant to their role. Authors must fully disclose conflicts of interest when submitting a manuscript. Reviewers and editorial board members should decline to review a manuscript where they have a potential conflict of interest. Editors must have no personal, professional or financial relationship with any of the authors.

Fabrication and Falsification of Data

Data fabrication refers to making up research data or results. Data falsification refers to manipulating or changing research data, materials, processes or results, or omitting data so that the research is not accurately presented. Following COPE guidelines, in cases of data fabrication or falsification, the publisher will refer the matter to the author's institution (or employer or regulatory body) and request an investigation. If confirmed, the editor will reject the manuscript, ban the author from future submissions, and inform the author's institution.

References

• "Standard Ethics", approved by the Vice-Presidency for Research & Technology, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.
• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Code of Conduct — www.publicationethics.org